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Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records

Final Report — 1998

Continued

6. User Tasks

6.1 Mapping Attributes and Relationships to User Tasks

The entity-relationship model that has been developed in Chapters 3, 4, and 5 provides a structure within which data requirements can be analysed in a systematic way. The structure provided by the model serves as a framework for analyzing the uses that are made of bibliographic data with specific reference to the entity that is the object of the user's interest, and to the attributes and relationships that are relevant to the task being performed by the user. Each attribute and relationship can be mapped directly to the user tasks they support.

As noted in Chapter 2, four generic user tasks have been defined for the purposes of this study. The tasks are defined in relation to the elementary uses that are made of the data by the user:

  • to find entities that correspond to the user's stated search criteria (i.e., to locate either a single entity or a set of entities in a file or database as the result of a search using an attribute or relationship of the entity);
  • to identify an entity (i.e., to confirm that the entity described corresponds to the entity sought, or to distinguish between two or more entities with similar characteristics);
  • to select an entity that is appropriate to the user's needs (i.e., to choose an entity that meets the user's requirements with respect to content, physical format, etc., or to reject an entity as being inappropriate to the user's needs);
  • to acquire or obtain access to the entity described (i.e., to acquire an entity through purchase, loan, etc., or to access an entity electronically through an online connection to a remote computer).

6.2 Assessing Value Relative to User Tasks

Tables 6.1 through 6.4 list the attributes and relationships associated with each of the four primary entities in the entity-relationship model (i.e., work, expression, manifestation, and item). Plotted against each attribute and relationship are the four generic user tasks (i.e., find, identify, select, and obtain), and each task is in turn broken out into four sub-tasks defined in relation to the entity on which the task is focused (i.e., find work, find expression, find manifestation, find item, identify work, identify expression, etc.). The symbols used in the tables ( ■ □ ○ ) indicate the relative value of each attribute or relationship in supporting a specific user task focused on a particular entity. The symbol ■ signifies that an attribute or relationship is highly important for supporting the designated task; the symbol □ signifies moderate importance; and the symbol ○ signifies relatively low importance. The absence of a symbol indicates that the attribute or relationship has no discernible relevance to that particular user task or sub-task.

The tables for each entity contain two segments: the first is a list of attributes of that entity; the second is a list of relationships between that entity and other entities. To support a particular user task both attributes of the entity and relationships between that entity and other entities may be important. For example, to assist the user in identifying a work both the attributes of the work and the relationships of the work to other entities (e.g., to a person or corporate body responsible for the work) are important. The attributes segment and the relationships segment of each table are complementary and must be read in conjunction with one another in order to view the full range of information that is important in supporting a particular user task.

The relationships segment of each table also serves as a means of indicating the importance of relationships in assisting the user to relate one entity to another or to "navigate" the universe of entities represented in a bibliographic file or database. In a sense "relate" could be viewed as a fifth user task. The way the tables are set up the symbols in the matrix of the relationships segment indicate both the importance of a particular relationship to each of the four defined user tasks (as the symbols are read vertically in each column) as well as the importance of a relationship to assisting the user to relate one entity to another or to "navigate" a database (as the symbols are read horizontally across each row).

The assessment of importance of each attribute or relationship to a given user task that is reflected in the tables was based in large part on the knowledge and experience of the study group members and consultants, supplemented by evidence in the library science literature gathered from empirical research, as well as by assessments made by several experts outside the study group.

The criteria that were used by the study group in assigning the relative values for each attribute and relationship varied to some degree depending on the nature of the user task. The principal criteria applied for each task are outlined below.

6.2.1 Find an Entity

For the user tasks find work, find expression, find manifestation, and find item, the highest value was assigned to attributes and relationships that meet one or more of the following criteria:

  1. the attribute by definition serves to identify the entity (e.g., manifestation identifier, item identifier);
  2. the attribute or relationship is typically used as a primary search term for locating the entity (e.g., the title of a manifestation, the relationship between a work and the person or corporate body principally responsible for the work).

Moderate value was assigned to attributes and relationships falling within one or more of the following categories:

  1. the attribute or relationship serves to provide a useful means of subdivision within a predictably lengthy file of entities that match the user's primary search term (e.g., the medium of performance for musical works with non-distinctive titles);
  2. the attribute or relationship is typically used as a secondary search term to qualify a search under a primary term that yields a large results set (e.g., language of expression);
  3. the attribute or relationship is one that will serve to direct the user from an entity found to another entity that is closely related (e.g., the relationship between a supplement and the work it supplements).

Low value was assigned to attributes and relationships that under more limited circumstances might be used to subdivide further a file or to qualify a search.

6.2.2 Identify an entity

For the user tasks identify work, identify expression, identify manifestation, and identify item, the highest value was assigned to attributes and relationships that meet one or more of the following criteria:

  1. the attribute by definition serves to identify the entity (e.g., manifestation identifier, item identifier);
  2. the attribute or relationship forms part of the minimal set of attributes and relationships that for the majority of cases will serve, in the absence of a unique identifier, to differentiate entities that have a number of common characteristics (e.g., the minimal set of attributes sufficient to differentiate one manifestation from another in the majority of cases comprises title, statement of responsibility, edition/issue designation, publisher/distributor, date of publication/distribution, series statement, and form of carrier).

Moderate value was assigned to attributes and relationships that fall within one or the other of the following categories:

  1. the attribute or relationship is one which under specified circumstances will often serve to differentiate entities for which the minimal set of attributes and relationships that normally serves to identify an entity is insufficient (e.g., the extent or physical medium of the carrier in certain circumstances may serve to signal differences between two manifestations that have the same title, statement of responsibility, edition/issue designation, etc.);
  2. the attribute is specifically associated with a sub-type of an entity (e.g., hand-printed books, sound recordings, etc.), and for that sub-category the attribute will often serve to differentiate between otherwise identical entities (e.g., polarity for microforms, presentation format for visual projections, etc.).

Low value was assigned to attributes and relationships that in more limited cases might be used to differentiate between entities with otherwise identical characteristics.

6.2.3 Select an Entity

For the user tasks select work, select expression, select manifestation, and select item, the highest value was assigned to attributes and relationships that meet one or the other of the following criteria:

  1. the attribute or relationship serves in most cases as a significant indicator of intellectual or artistic content (e.g., the subject of a work, language of expression, etc.);
  2. the attribute is one that normally signals a specific technical requirement for viewing, playback, operating, etc. (e.g., systems requirements for electronic resources, etc.), or other conditions restricting access or use.

Moderate value was assigned to attributes and relationships falling within one or the other of the following categories:

  1. the attribute or relationship is a significant indicator of intellectual or artistic content only in limited cases (e.g., intended audience for a work);
  2. the attribute or relationship is one that under specified circumstances may signal a specific technical requirement for viewing, playback, operating, etc., (e.g., dimensions of the carrier).

Low value was assigned to attributes and relationships that are only marginally significant indicators of intellectual or artistic content or signals of special technical requirements.

6.2.4 Obtain an Entity

For the user tasks obtain manifestation, and obtain item, the highest value was assigned to attributes and relationships that meet one or more of the following criteria:

  1. the attribute by definition serves to identify the entity (e.g., manifestation identifier, item identifier);
  2. the attribute or relationship forms part of the minimal set of attributes and relationships that for the majority of cases will serve, in the absence of a unique identifier, to differentiate entities that have a number of common characteristics (e.g., the minimal set of attributes sufficient to differentiate one manifestation from another in the majority of cases comprises title, statement of responsibility, edition/issue designation, publisher/distributor, date of publication/distribution, series statement, and form of carrier);
  3. the attribute or relationship is in the majority of cases significant for locating the source from which the entity may be obtained (e.g., place of publication/distribution, access address for a remote access electronic resource, etc.);
  4. the attribute or relationship is significant as an indicator of restrictions on access to the entity (e.g., access restrictions on the manifestation, access restrictions on the item).

Moderate value was assigned to attributes and relationships falling within one or the other of the following categories:

  1. the attribute or relationship is one which under specified circumstances will often serve to differentiate entities for which the minimal set of attributes and relationships that normally serves to identify an entity is insufficient (e.g., the extent or physical medium of the carrier in certain circumstances may serve to signal differences between two manifestations that have the same title, statement of responsibility, edition/issue designation, etc.);
  2. the attribute is specifically associated with a sub-type of an entity (e.g., hand-printed books, sound recordings, etc.), and for that sub-category the attribute will often serve to differentiate between otherwise identical entities (e.g., polarity for microforms, presentation format for visual projections, etc.).

Low value was assigned to attributes and relationships that in more limited cases might be used to differentiate between entities with otherwise identical characteristics. Low value was also assigned to attributes and relationships that may be significant for locating the source from which the entity may be obtained, but only if the data is kept current (e.g., source for acquisition/access authorization).

Note that the obtain task is not applicable to works and expressions.

Note also that the structural relationships that link work to expression ("realized through"), expression to manifestation ("embodied in"), and manifestation to item ("exemplified by") are assumed to be always reflected in the bibliographic record and are not shown in the tables.

Table 6.1  Attributes and Relationships of Works
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Attributes of a work                                
Title of the work ■       ■       ■              
Form of work □       □       ■              
Date of the work ○       ○       ○              
Other distinguishing characteristic ○       ○       ○              
Intended termination □       ■       □              
Intended audience ○       ○       □              
Context for the work                                
Medium of performance (musical work) (note 1) □       □       □              
Numeric designation (musical work) (note 1) ○       □                      
Key (musical work) (note 1) ○       □                      
Coordinates (cartographic work) □       ■       ■              
Equinox (cartographic work) □       □       □              
 
Relationships Between a Work                                
And other works:                                
Referential successor □       □       ■              
Referential supplement □       □       ■              
Referential complement □       □       ■              
Autonomous successor □       □       □              
Autonomous supplement □       □       □              
Autonomous complement □       □       □              
Summarization         ○       ○              
Adaptation         ○       ○              
Transformation         ○       ○              
Imitation         ○       ○              
Dependent component ■       ■       □              
Independent component ■       □       □              
Integral intellectual aspect                 □              
And persons/corporate bodies responsible for the work ■       ■       ■              
And entities treated as subject of the work ■               ■              

1 Medium of performance, numeric designation, and key have a higher value for identifying musical works with non-distinctive titles indicative only of the musical form (e.g., Symphony, Concerto, etc.)

■ = high value
□ = moderate value
○ = low value

Table 6.2  Attributes and Relationships of Expressions
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Attributes of an Expression                                
Title of the expression   □       □       □            
Form of expression           ■       ■            
Date of expression           □       □            
Language of expression (note 1)   □       ■       ■            
Other distinguishing characteristic   □       ■       ■            
Extensibility of expression           ○                    
Revisability of expression           ○       □            
Extent of the expression (note 2)           ○       ○            
Summarization of content           ○       □            
Context for the expression                   ○            
Critical response to the expression                   ○            
Use restrictions on the expression                   ■            
Sequencing pattern (serial)                             ○  
Expected regularity of issue (serial)                             □  
Expected frequency of issue (serial)           ■       ■         ■  
Type of score (musical notation)           ■       ■            
Medium of performance (musical notation or recorded sound)           ■       ■            
Scale (cartographic image/object)           □       ■            
Projection (cartographic image/object)           □       ○            
Presentation technique (cartographic image/object)           ○       ○            
Representation of relief (cartographic image/object)           ○       ○            
Geodetic, grid, and vertical measurement (cartographic image/object)           ○       ○            
Recording technique (remote sensing image)           ○       ○            
Special characteristic (remote sensing image)           ○       ○            
Technique (graphic or projected image)           ○       ○            
 
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Relationships Between an Expression                                
And other expressions/works                                
Abridgement           ○       □            
Revision   □       ○       ■            
Arrangement (music)   □       ○       ■            
Translation   □       ○       ■            
Referential successor   □       □       ■            
Referential supplement   □       □       ■            
Referential complement   □       □       ■            
Autonomous successor   □       □       □            
Autonomous supplement   □       □       □            
Autonomous complement   □       □       □            
Summarization           ○       ○            
Adaptation           ○       ○            
Transformation           ○       ○            
Imitation           ○       ○            
Dependent component   ■       ■       □            
Independent component   ■       □       □            
Integral aspect                   □            
And persons/corporate bodies responsible for content   ■       ■       ■            

1 Language of expression has value only if the linguistic content of the expression is significant.

2 Extent of the expression may have a prime value for audio and visual materials (i.e., when expressed as duration).


■ = high value
□ = moderate value
○ = low value

Table 6.3  Attributes and Relationships of Manifestations
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Attributes of a Manifestation                                
Title of the manifestation ■ ■ ■   ■ ■ ■   □ □ □       ■  
Statement of responsibility □ □ □   □ ■ ■   □ ■ ■       ■  
Edition/issue designation           ■ ■     ■ ■       ■  
Place of publication/distribution             ○   ○ ○ ○       ■  
Publisher/distributor     ○     □ ■     ○ □       ■  
Date of publication/distribution □ □ ○   □ □ ■   □ □ ■       ■  
Fabricator/manufacturer (note 1)     ○       ○       ○          
Series statement     □       ■       □       ■  
Form of carrier     □       ■       ■       ■  
Extent of the carrier (note 2)             □     □ □          
Physical medium (note 3)             □       ○          
Capture mode             ○       □          
Dimensions of the carrier (note 4)             ○       □       □  
Manifestation identifier     ■     □ ■               ■  
Source for acquisition/access authorization (note 5)                     ○       ○  
Terms of availability                     ○       ○  
Access restrictions on the manifestation                     □       ■  
Typeface (printed book) (note 6)             ○       ○          
Type size (printed book) (note 6)             ○       ○          
Foliation (hand-printed book)             ■               ■  
Collation (hand-printed book)             ■               ■  
Publication status (serial)                                
Numbering (serial) □ □ □   ■ ■ ■               ■  
Playing speed (sound recording) (note 7)                     ○          
Groove width (sound recording)                     ○          
Kind of cutting (sound recording)                     ○          
Tape configuration (sound recording)                     ○          
Kind of sound (sound recording)                     ○          
Special reproduction characteristic (sound recording)                     ○          
Colour (image)             □       □          
Reduction ratio (microform)             □       ■       □  
Polarity (microform or visual projection)             □       □       □  
Generation (microform or visual projection)             □       □       □  
Presentation format (visual projection)             □       ■       □  
System requirements (electronic resource)             □       ■       □  
File characteristics (electronic resource)             □       ○       □  
Mode of access (remote access electronic resource)                     □       ■  
Access address (remote access electronic resource)                             ■  
 
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Relationships Between a Manifestation                                
And other manifestations                                
Reproduction     □       □       □       □  
Alternate     ○       ○       ○       ○  
Component             ○       ○          
Integral part                     ○          
And items                                
Reproduction     □       □       ○          
And persons/corporate bodies responsible for production/dissemination     □                          

1 Fabricator/manufacturer may have a higher value for early printed books, limited production graphics, castings, etc.

2 Extent of the carrier may have a higher value in cases where the extent may signal differences between one manifestation and another.

3 Physical medium may have a higher value in cases where the medium is potentially important to users (e.g. nitrate-based film).

4 Dimensions of the carrier may have a higher value in cases where the dimensions are significant for playback equipment, etc.

5 Source for acquisition/access authorization may have a higher value if the manifestation is likely to be difficult to obtain through normal trade sources.

6 Typeface and type size may have a higher value for differentiating between issues of early books and also for helping users choose materials for the visually impaired.

7 Playing speed may have a higher value for historic recordings that require special playback equipment.


■ = high value
□ = moderate value
○ = low value

Table 6.4  Attributes and Relationships of Items
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Attributes of an Item                                
Item identifier       ■       ■               ■
Fingerprint             □ □                
Provenance of the item               □       ○        
Marks/inscriptions               □       ○        
Exhibition history               ○                
Condition of the item                       □        
Treatment history                       □        
Scheduled treatment                       □        
Access restrictions on the item                       □       ■
Relationships Between an Item                                
And other items                                
Reconfiguration               □       □       □
Reproduction               □       □       □
Physical component of copy                                
Integral part                                
And persons/corporate bodies responsible for ownership/custodianship       ○                        

■ = high value
□ = moderate value
○ = low value

7. Basic Requirements For National Bibliographic Records

7.1 Basic Level of Functionality

The mapping of attributes and relationships to user tasks in Chapter 6 serves as the frame of reference for the study group's recommendations regarding basic data to be included in records created by national bibliographic agencies.

Of the various tasks and sub-tasks identified in Tables 6.1 through 6.4, the study group recommends that at a basic level the national bibliographic record should assist the user to do at least the following:

  • Find all manifestations embodying:
    • the works for which a given person or corporate body is responsible
    • the various expressions of a given work
    • works on a given subject
    • works in a given series
  • Find a particular manifestation:
    • when the name(s) of the person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) responsible for the work(s) embodied in the manifestation is (are) known
    • when the title of the manifestation is known
    • when the manifestation identifier is known
  • Identify a work
  • Identify an expression of a work
  • Identify a manifestation
  • Select a work
  • Select an expression
  • Select a manifestation
  • Obtain a manifestation

It should be noted that inasmuch as the recommendations in this chapter relate to records created for listing in a national bibliography and such records normally do not reflect data pertaining to the item, the user tasks related to the item are not addressed.

7.2 Basic Data Requirements

Tables 7.1 through 7.9 specify the data requirements for a basic level national bibliographic record. In the left-hand column of each table are listed the basic user tasks to be supported by the record as identified in section 7.1 above. The centre column lists opposite each basic task the "high value" logical attributes and relationships identified in Tables 6.1 through 6.4 for that particular task. The right-hand column specifies opposite each logical attribute or relationship the individual data elements the study group recommends as the minimum data requirement. The terms used to identify individual data elements correspond to the terms used in the International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions (ISBDs) and the Guidelines for Authority and Reference Entries (GARE). In cases where the data requirement is more narrowly defined than the ISBD or GARE data element, the data element name is qualified to indicate more specifically the type of data to be recorded.

The data element(s) associated with each logical attribute are those where information about the attribute would most commonly be positioned in a bibliographic record. In some cases the same information may be recorded in more than one place in the record (e.g., language of expression may be recorded both as a note and as an addition to a uniform title). In those cases both data elements have been listed opposite the logical attribute, but the basic requirement can be considered to be met if either of the data elements is included in the record.

One data element that has not been listed in the right-hand column is "other title information." Because the data element is defined in the ISBDs largely in terms of its proximity to the title of a manifestation, and may encompass a broad range of different kinds of information, it can be associated with a number of different logical attributes (e.g., form of work intended audience, medium of performance, language of expression, etc.). The data element as such has therefore not been included in the tables. Nevertheless, it should be understood that information pertaining to a logical attribute identified as one that should be reflected in the basic level record may be recorded as "other title information," if applicable, even though the data element associated with the logical attribute may be identified differently in the right-hand column of the tables (e.g., as a note).

It should be noted also that in the tables that follow, the structural relationships linking work to expression and expression to manifestation are assumed always to be reflected in the record (i.e., data pertaining to an expression are assumed always to be linked to data pertaining to the work realized by the expression, and data pertaining to a manifestation are assumed always to be linked to data pertaining to the expression embodied in the manifestation). Thus when a relationship between a work or expression and the person or corporate body responsible for the content of that entity is identified as a requirement, it is assumed that the relationship extends through to the manifestation embodying the expression by virtue of the structural relationships from work to expression and from expression to manifestation. Similarly when a relationship between a work and its subject is identified as a requirement, it is assumed that the relationship extends through to the expression and the manifestation by virtue of the structural relationships from work to expression and from expression to manifestation. The structural relationships between work, expression, and manifestation are therefore implicit, and are not stated explicitly as requirements.

Finally, it should be noted that the data elements identified in Tables 7.1 and 7.2 as enabling the user to find an entity are limited to those that would normally be used as filing devices and/or index entries in a non-automated environment. That does not, however, preclude other data elements that are identified as requirements for the identify, select, or obtain tasks from serving to support the find task as well in an automated environment. Virtually any data element included in the record has the potential for assisting the user to find an entity if the record is accessed in an automated environment in which keyword searching is supported, providing that the data element is indexed.

Table 7.1  Find Manifestations
To enable the user to – the basic level national bibliographic record should reflect these logical attributes and relationships – and should include these specific data elements –
7.1 Find all manifestations embodying:    
7.1.1 the works for which a given person or corporate body is responsible ■ relationship(s) between the person(s) or corporate body(ies) responsible and the work(s) embodied in the manifestation ■ name heading(s) for person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) with principal responsibility for the work(s)
7.1.2 the various expressions of a given work ■ relationship(s) between the work and the expression(s) embodied in the manifestation ■ title heading(s) for the work(s)
7.1.3 works on a given subject ■ relationship(s) between the concept(s), etc. that is (are) the subject and the work(s) embodied in the manifestation ■ subject heading(s) and/or classification number(s) for the principal subject(s) of the work(s)
7.1.4 works in a given series ■ relationship between the series and the work ■ heading for the series
    ■ numbering within series

Table 7.2  Find A Particular Manifestation
To enable the user to – the basic level national bibliographic record should reflect these logical attributes and relationships – and should include these specific data elements –
7.2 Find a particular manifestation:    
7.2.1 when the name(s) of the person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) responsible for the work(s) embodied in the manifestation is (are) known ■ relationship(s) between the person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) responsible and the work(s) embodied in the manifestation ■ name heading(s) for person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) with principal responsibility for the work(s)
7.2.2 when the title of the manifestation is known ■ title of the manifestation ■ title proper (including number/name of part)
    ■ parallel title(s)1 
7.2.3 when the manifestation identifier is known ■ manifestation identifier ■ standard number (or alternative)

Notes:

1. Parallel titles should be included in the basic record to the extent that the national bibliographic agency considers them important to users.

Table 7.3  Identify a Work
To enable the user to – the basic level national bibliographic record should reflect these logical attributes and relationships – and should include these specific data elements –
7.3 Identify a work ■ title of the work ■ title heading for the work
  ■ relationship(s) between the person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) responsible and the work ■ name heading(s) for person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) with principal responsibility for the work
  ■ intended termination ■ frequency statement, numbering, [etc.]
  ■ medium of performance (musical work)1  ■ addition to uniform title – medium of performance (music)
  ■ numeric designation (musical work)1  ■ addition to uniform title – numeric designation (music)
  ■ key (musical work)1  ■ addition to uniform title – key (music)
  ■ coordinates (cartographic work) ■ mathematical data statement – coordinates
  ■ relationship between the work and the parent work2  ■ note on ... bibliographic history – parent work

Notes:

1. Medium of performance, numeric designation, and key are considered a basic requirement only for musical works with non-distinctive titles indicative only of the musical form (e.g., Symphony, Concerto, etc.).

2. The relationship between the work and the parent work is considered a basic requirement only in cases where the work is a dependent component of the parent.

Table 7.4  Identify an Expression
To enable the user to – the basic level national bibliographic record should reflect these logical attributes and relationships – and should include these specific data elements –
7.4 Identify an expression of a work ■ relationship(s) between the person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) responsible and the expression ■ name heading(s) for person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) with principal responsibility for the expression
  ■ form of expression ■ note on form of expression1 
  ■ language of expression2  ■ addition to uniform title – language
    ■ note on language
  ■ other distinguishing characteristic ■ addition to uniform title – other distinguishing characteristic
    ■ note on other distinguishing characteristic
  ■ extent of the expression3  ■ extent – playing time/duration
  ■ expected frequency of issue (serial) ■ frequency statement
  ■ type of score (musical notation) ■ musical presentation statement – type of score
  ■ medium of performance of the expression (musical notation) ■ addition to uniform title – statement of arrangement
    ■ note on medium of performance

Notes:

1. A note on form of expression is considered a basic requirement only if the form of expression cannot be inferred from other data in the record.

2. Language of expression is considered a basic requirement only if the linguistic content of the expression is significant.

3. Extent of the expression is considered a basic requirement only for audio and visual materials.

Table 7.5  Identify a Manifestation
To enable the user to – the basic level national bibliographic record should reflect these logical attributes and relationships – and should include these specific data elements –
7.5 Identify a manifestation ■ title of the manifestation ■ title proper (including number/name of part)
  ■ statement of responsibility ■ statement(s) of responsibility identifying the individual(s) and/or group(s) with principal responsibility for the content
    ■ first statement of responsibility relating to the edition
    ■ first statement of responsibility relating to the additional edition statement
  ■ edition/issue designation ■ edition statement
    ■ additional edition statement
  ■ publisher/distributor ■ name of publisher, distributor, etc.
  ■ date of publication/distribution ■ date of publication, distribution, etc.
  ■ series statement ■ title proper of series
    ■ parallel title(s) of series1 
    ■ first statement of responsibility relating to the series2 
    ■ numbering within series
  ■ form of carrier ■ specific material designation
  ■ extent of carrier3  ■ extent
  ■ manifestation identifier ■ standard number (or alternative)
  ■ foliation (hand-printed book) ■ note on physical description – foliation
  ■ collation (hand-printed book) ■ note on physical description – collation
  ■ numbering (serial) ■ numbering

Notes:

1. Parallel titles of series should be included in the basic record to the extent that the national bibliographic agency considers them important to users.

2. Statement of responsibility for the series is considered a basic requirement only in cases where the series title alone is insufficient to identify the series.

3. Extent of the carrier is considered a basic requirement only in cases where it has the potential to signal differences between one manifestation and another (e.g., number of pages).

Table 7.6  Select a Work
To enable the user to – the basic level national bibliographic record should reflect these logical attributes and relationships – and should include these specific data elements –
7.6 Select a work ■ title of the work ■ title heading for the work
  ■ relationship(s) between the person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) responsible and the work ■ name heading(s) for person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) with principal responsibility for the work
  ■ relationship(s) between the concept(s), etc. that is (are) the subject and the work(s) embodied in the manifestation ■ subject heading(s) and/or classification number(s) for the principal subject(s) of the work(s)
  ■ form of work ■ note on the form of the work
  ■ coordinates (cartographic work) ■ mathematical data statement – coordinates
  ■ relationship between the work and the preceding and/or succeeding work1  ■ note on ... bibliographic history – preceding/succeeding work
  ■ relationship between the work and the work it supplements1  ■ note on ... bibliographic history – supplement
  ■ relationship between the work and the work it complements1  ■ note on ... bibliographic history – complement

Notes:

1. The relationship between the work and its predecessor, successor, supplement, or complement is considered a basic requirement only if the relationship between the entities is referential.

Table 7.7  Select an Expression
To enable the user to – the basic level national bibliographic record should reflect these logical attributes and relationships – and should include these specific data elements –
7.7 Select an expression of a work ■ relationship(s) between the person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) responsible and the expression ■ name heading(s) for person(s) and/or corporate body(ies) with principal responsibility for the expression
  ■ form of expression ■ note on form of expression1 
  ■ language of expression2  ■ note on language
  ■ other distinguishing characteristic ■ note on distinguishing characteristic of expression
  ■ use restrictions on the expression ■ note on use restrictions
  ■ expected frequency of issue (serial) ■ frequency statement
  ■ type of score (musical notation) ■ musical presentation statement – type of score
  ■ medium of performance of the expression (musical notation) ■ note on medium of performance of the expression
  ■ scale (cartographic image/object) ■ mathematical data statement – scale
  ■ relationship between the expression and the preceding and/or succeeding expression3  ■ note on ... bibliographic history – preceding/succeeding expression
  ■ relationship between the expression and the expression it supplements3  ■ note on ... bibliographic history – supplement
  ■ relationship between the expression and the expression it complements3  ■ note on ... bibliographic history – complement
  ■ relationship between the revision and the expression on which the revision is based3  ■ note on ... bibliographic history – revision
  ■ relationship between the arrangement and the expression on which the arrangement is based3  ■ note on ... bibliographic history – arrangment
  ■ relationship between the translation and the expression on which the translation is based3  ■ note on ... bibliographic history – translation

Notes:

1. A note on form of expression is considered a basic requirement only if the form of expression cannot be inferred from other data in the record.

2. Language of expression is considered a basic requirement only if the expression has significant linguistic content.

3. The relationship between an expression and its predecessor/successor, supplement, or complement is considered a basic requirement only if the relationship is referential. If the expression cannot be related to the specific expression it precedes, succeeds, supplements or complements, or to the specific expression on which a revision, arrangement, or translation is based, or if identification of the specific expression on which it is based is not considered to be important, the expression may simply be related to the relevant work.

Table 7.8  Select a Manifestation
To enable the user to – the basic level national bibliographic record should reflect these logical attributes and relationships – and should include these specific data elements –
7.8 Select a manifestation ■ statement of responsibility ■ statement of responsibility identifying the individual(s) and/or group(s) with principal responsibility for the content
  ■ edition/issue designation ■ edition statement
    ■ additional edition statement
  ■ date of publication/distribution ■ date of publication, distribution, etc.
  ■ form of carrier ■ specific material designation
  ■ physical medium1  ■ note on physical description – medium
  ■ dimensions of carrier2  ■ dimensions
  ■ reduction ratio (microform) ■ note on physical description – reduction ratio
  ■ presentation format (visual projection) ■ note on physical description – presentation format
  ■ system requirements (electronic resource) ■ note on system requirements

Notes:

1. Physical medium is considered a basic requirement only in cases where the medium is potentially important to users (e.g., nitrate-based film).

2. Dimensions of the carrier are considered a basic requirement only in cases where the dimensions may be significant in terms of the equipment required for playback, etc. (e.g., diskettes, cassettes,etc.).

Table 7.9  Obtain a Manifestation
To enable the user to – the basic level national bibliographic record should reflect these logical attributes and relationships – and should include these specific data elements –
7.9 Obtain a manifestation ■ title of the manifestation ■ title proper
  ■ statement of responsibility ■ statement(s) of responsibility identifying the individual(s) and/or group(s) with principal responsibility for the content
  ■ edition/issue designation ■ edition statement
    ■ additional edition statement
  ■ place of publication/distribution ■ place of publication, distribution, etc.
  ■ publisher/distributor ■ name of publisher, distributor, etc.
  ■ date of publication/distribution ■ date of publication, dis